Natural Rights and John Locke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Natural Rights and John Locke - Essay Example According to the research findings rights are normative fundamental rules that delineate what people are allowed to do and what is owed to the people. These demarcations are carried out on the basis of some ethical theory, legal system or some kind of social convention. The domain of rights spans legal, social and ethical principles of entitlement and freedom. Rights in themselves are considered fundamental to civilisation and are taken as pillars of culture and social living. There are a number of different perspectives on rights that have evolved over time and are now used to deal with this issue. One of these perspectives on rights is that of natural rights that has gained currency over centuries. Any rights that are not dependent on laws, beliefs, culture, customs, government or other such features and are thus universal and inalienable in nature are better known as natural rights. These rights stand in contrast to legal rights that are bestowed on an individual through the autho rity of the law or through a political or legal framework. In this sense, these legal rights are relative and specific within the context of the culture and government implementing them. Natural rights on the other hand are universal and inalienable and do not require any frameworks to support themselves. The domain of natural law is closely associated and is considered an extension to natural rights. The theory of natural law was used to challenge the divine rights of kings during the Age of Enlightenment. The domain of natural rights was used to provide justification for and to establish government, social contract as well as positive law that in turn provided for legal rights through classical republicanism. Anarchists have used the idea of natural rights to confront the legitimacy of establishments of all kinds (Rothbard, 2003) (Rothbard, 2006). Some schools of thought have related human rights closely to natural rights while other schools of thought tend to recognise no differe nce between human rights and natural rights. Although there are common features between both domains but some thinkers have kept both domains separated in order to eliminate association between both (Jones, 1994). In particular the domain of natural rights are considered to be beyond the authority of any establishment such as governments or international bodies such that these establishments cannot dismiss these rights. Natural rights have been enshrined into international soft law through the use of instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In the twentieth century, the domain of natural rights has attracted the interests of philosophers and legal scholars alike. There has been added interest in the natural rights of animals especially in recent decades. It must be kept in mind that the natural rights of human beings are distinct from the natural rights of animals (Dershowitz, 2004). This text will attempt to track the evolution of natural rights from antiquity to the political thought of John Locke who can be seen as a prominent proponent of natural rights. The perspectives on natural rights will be elaborated and then compared to the political philosophy of John Locke in order to gauge a fair comparison. 2. Evolution of Natural Rights Throughout history legal rights have had an undeniable existence as all societies possessed some form of legal frameworks to keep social order in check. In a similar manner the idea that certain rights are bestowed by nature and are inalienable date back to antiquity to at least the age of the Stoics from late Antiquity. The domain of natural rights figured prominently in Catholic law during the early part of the Middle Ages and can be seen as evolving through the Protestant Reformation as well. This evolution continued through the Age of Enlightenment and into the modern day (Zuckert, 1994). 2.1. Antiquity The concept of natural rights

Changing patterns in marriage Essay Example for Free

Changing patterns in marriage Essay Using information from the items and elsewhere, examine the reasons for changing patterns of marriage, cohabitation and childbearing in the last 40 years (24 marks) According to the Office for National Statistics, the highest number of couples in 1972 was 480,000 and was due to the baby boom generation of the 1950’s reaching marriageable age and the fact that people chose to marry at a younger age compared to pervious generations. However the annual number of marriages in England and Wales then went into decline and reached an all-time low in 2005 when only 244,710 couples got married. This decline in the total number of marriages has been paralleled by a decline in marriage rates. In 1994, the marriage rate was 11.4 but has decline to 10.3 by 2004. The male rate declined from 36.3 in 1994 to 27.8 in 2004 whilst the female rate declined from 30.6 to 24.6. Fears about what marriage statistics reveal are exaggerated for four reasons: People are delaying marriage rather than rejecting it. Most people will marry at some point in their lives, but people are now marrying later in life, probably after a period of cohabitation. Women may delay marriage because they want to develop their careers and enjoy a period of independence. The BSAS indicates that most people, whether single, divorced or cohabiting, still see marriage as a desirable life-goal. People also generally believe that having children is best done in the context of marriage and few people believe that the freedom associate with living alone is better than being married to someone. Two fifths of all marriages are remarriages. Evidently these people are committed to the institution of marriage despite their previous negative experience of it. Despite the decrease in the overall number of people marrying, married couples are still the main types of partnership for men and women in the UK. Wilkinson notes that female attitudes towards marriage and family life have undergone a radical change or ‘genderquake’. She argues that young females no longer prioritize marriage and children. Educational opportunities and the feminization of the economy have resulted in young women weighing up the costs of marriage and having children against the benefits of a career and economic independence. Therefore the result of this is that many females, particularly middle-class, are postponing marriage and family life until their careers are established. Other feminist sociologists are sceptical about the value of marriage. Smith argues that marriage creates unrealistic expectation  about monogamy and faithfulness in a world characterized by sexual freedom. She argues that at different points in people’s life cycles, people need different things that often can only be gained from a new partner. Campbell, however, suggests that marriage benefits men more than it does women. A constant source of concern to the New Right has been the significant rise in the number of couples cohabiting. The proportion of non-married people cohabiting has risen sharply in the last 20 years from 11% of men and 13% of women in 1986 to 24% and 25% respectively. In 2007, the ONS suggested that cohabiting couples are the fastest growing family type in the UK. Around 2.2 million families are cohabiting couples with or without children. This family type has grown by 65% since 1997. However, New Right commentators claim that cohabitation is less stable than marriage. A report by the Institute for the Study of Civil Society claimed that cohabiting couples were less happy and less fulfilled than married couples, and more likely to be abusive, unfaithful, stressed and depressed. Although surveys indicate that few people see cohabitation as an alternative to marriage, the fact that cohabiting couples are much younger than married couples suggests cohabitation is seen my many participants as a test of compatibility and an introduction to marriage. Other research suggests that cohabitation is a temporary phase lasting on average for about 5 years. Approximately 60% of cohabiting couples eventually marry. Although cohabitation marks a dramatic change in adult living arrangements – as recently as the 1960’s, it was regarded immoral – cohabiting couples with and without children only accounted for 10% of households in 2006. Reasons for increase in divorce rates: Thornes and Collard: women value friendship and emotional gratification more than men do. If the husband fails to live up to these expectations, women may feel the need to look elsewhere. Hart: divorce may be reaction to the frustration that many working wives may feel if they are responsible for the bulk of housework and childcare. Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995): rising divorce rates are the product of a rapidly changing world in which traditional rules, rituals and traditions of love, romance and relationships no longer apply. In 1938, 6,000 divorces were granted in the UK. This figure had increased tenfold by 1970, and in 1993, numbers packed at 180,000. By  2000, this figure had fallen to 154,600 although the years 2001-2004 have seen a gradual rise to 167,100. Flouri and Buchanan’s (2002) study of 17,000 children from families that had experienced separation and divorce found that in families, their fathers were still involved in their children so the children were more successful in gaining educational qualifications and continued to seek out educational opportunities in adult life. In conclusion, the reasons for changing patterns of marriage, cohabitation and childbearing in the last 40 years are due to the fact that conjugal roles within marriages have differed and the ability to change marriage beliefs in an instant. Men and women, especially the middle-class, may fear the need to put their careers before starting a family, which therefore causes problems within marriage.

Advantages And Functions Of Clearing House

Advantages And Functions Of Clearing House In addition to the clearing of city and country checks, principally the former, and the settlement of balances, which may be called the primary clearing house functions, there are others not quite so much in general use but which nevertheless are of great importance. Many clearing house associations exercise a close supervision over their members, through the medium of the clearing house system of examination under the direct supervision of a clearing house examiner. The clearing house examiner supplements the work of Federal and State examiners. The National and State officers are limited in their powers of criticism to actual infringements on the law, and before they can take steps to correct such infringements capital has often become impaired and failure is threatened. Most bank failures are due to the gradual acquirement of undesirable assets over a period of years, and if some authority exists with power to make recommendations of a remedial character, with the further power to enforce such recommendations, if necessary, there is little doubt that many bank failures would be averted. The examinations include, besides a verification of the assets and liability of each bank, so far as is possible, an investigation into the workings of every department and are made as thorough as is practicable. After each examination the examiner prepares a detailed report in duplicate, describing the banks loans, bonds, investments, and other assets, mentioning specially all loans, either direct or indirect, to officers, directors, or employees, or to corporations in which they may be interested. The report also contains a description of conditions found in every department. One of these reports is filed in the vaults of the Clearing House, in the custody of the examiner, and the other is handed to the examined banks president for the use of its directors. The individual directors are then notified that the examination has been made and that a copy of the examiners report has been handed to the president for their use. In this way every director is given an opportunity to see the report, and the examiner, in every instance, insists upon receiving acknowledgment of the receipt of these notices. The detailed report retained by the examiner is not submitted to the Clearing House committee, under whose direct supervision he operates, unless the discovery of unusual conditions makes it necessary. A special report in brief form is prepared in every case and read to the Clearing House committee at meetings called for that purpose. The report is made in letter form, and describes in general terms the character of the examined banks assets, points out all loans, direct or indirect, to officers, directors, or employees, or to corporations in which they may have an interest. It further describes all excessive and important loans, calls attention to any unwarranted conditions, gross irregularities, or dangerous tendencies, should any such exist, and expresses, in a general way, the examiners opinion of each bank as he finds it. The examiners enter into an agreement not to enter the employ of any member or non-member of the association, or any other bank, banking institution, firm, or individual engaged in the business of banking, within a radius of miles, for a period of years after the expiration of services with the association. The Clearing House examiner is a very valuable man to the small bank or new institution. The officers of these banks very often do not have the facilities or experience necessary to pass upon paper which is submitted to them for sale or discount. They are apt to become loaded up with credits which have been rejected by their larger or better informed neighbors and must pay dearly for their lack of knowledge. The bank examiner is in a position to make valuable suggestions which often save failures and liquidations. Towns which are too small to be able to afford the services of a skilled examiner can combine with two or more other cities and thus secure a proper official. A great many associations have rules for the conduct of their members. These rules provide for uniform exchange charges on out-of-town checks, uniform maximum interest rates on balances, regulations regarding hours for business, advertising, etc. Most associations publish a weekly statement of condition of the members, and cooperate in every possible way for the general good of the members of the association and the community in which it is located. There are not enough clearing house associations in America today. Nearly every town and city having three or more banks could probably form one to advantage and the Clearing House Section of the American Bankers Association will be glad to furnish all information desired. Clearing House Services Benefits Some of the key drivers that result in the IATA Clearing House benefits are: 1. Netting Through multi-lateral, multi-currency netting of Members Associates receivables a netting ratio of more than 80% is achieved. This translates into an 80% reduction in the credit risk exposure of Members Associates, significant acceleration in collection of outstanding credit and reduction in the foreign exchange risk exposure. 2. Simplification one window operation Through a single net receipt from the Clearing House or payment to the Clearing House each month, Members Associates settle their accounts with all other participants. Cross-remittances, follow-up for credit collection and delays are eliminated. Members Associates receive full accounting and reconciliation statements. Clearing House provides the robust, cost-effective infrastructure for Members Associates to settle accounts with other airlines, travel partners and service providers to enable Members Associates to focus on providing integrated, quality services to their customers. 3. Clearance calendar The calendar of ICH clearances is notified to Members Associates up to one year in advance. Members Associates can plan their billing, receivables and cash management activities in advance. Clearing House notifies each Member Associate of its net accounts with all other participants and the net payable or receivable amount, in advance. Settlement is assured on the designated ICH dates. Members Associates are able to plan and optimize the usage of their financial resources. 4. Currency Exchange and Bank Transfers Multi-currency transactions are translated into the clearance currencies at the Clearing House Rates of Exchange. After netting, settlement of the net balance is effected by/to the Members Associates concerned through a single payment in the settlement. Members Associates avoid commissions/brokerage on multiple foreign exchange transactions, international bank transfer charges and float losses. 5. Protection on Devaluation of a Debtors Currency For miscellaneous transactions, use of the Clearing House ensures that in the event of a devaluation of a debtors currency the creditor is wholly protected, and any loss of exchange falls on the debtor. The debtors loss will be restricted, however, to the exchange loss on the balance after offset of miscellaneous charges. 6. Credit Control Although membership of the Clearing House implies no credit status whatsoever, Clearing House monitors the payment history of each participant. Where necessary, security deposits are taken to cover future transactions. In the event of a default in settlement by a member or associate of the Clearing House, all other members associates are notified concurrently and at an early date. To ensure continued wide interlining capabilities and efficient customer service, Members Associates tend to pay their Clearing House balance on priority over other bilateral arrangements. The enhanced security and efficiency of settling transactions through the Clearing House enables Members Associates to generate more credit than would otherwise be available to them thereby substantially improving their working capital management. 7. Exchange Controls A number of airlines are subject to stringent exchange control regulations and central bank approval requirements in their country of residence on remittance of hard currency funds. This leads to delays in settlement to interline and travel partners or service providers, resulting in business constraints. Membership of Clearing House greatly reduces the requirements and delays: by reducing the need to only one exchange control application to settle a net balance instead of numerous applications for greater individual sums and on account of the established reputation of the IATA Clearing House for settlement of interline dues. In certain instances, need for exchange control approval is entirely eliminated due to consistent net settlement balances in that Members favor. 8. Inter-clearance with ACH The IATA Clearing House has an inter-clearance agreement with the Airlines Clearing House (ACH) of the US, enabling Members Associates of both clearing houses to settle their respective claims by and against each other. For more than 300 Members Associates of the IATA Clearing House (ICH) and just under 100 members of the ACH, this means that each participant can settle with more than 400 other parties through these Services. http://riskinstitute.ch/135470.htm Institutional Differences Existing derivatives exchanges, SROs and governmental regulatory agencies all have rules intended to achieve the three basic regulatory goals. There are many similarities in the rules of different exchanges, regulatory organizations and agencies across different jurisdictions, but there are also many differences. These differences reflect, in part, differences in the way the markets are organized and operated. One such difference, for example, concerns the relationship between the exchange for equity derivatives and the equity exchange. In some instances, the two exchanges are part of the same organization. In others, the equity derivatives exchange and the equity exchange are entirely separate entities.. Another difference concerns the structure of the clearing house. In some cases, the clearing house is part of the exchange. In others, it is not. And some clearing houses clear for only one exchange while some provide clearing services for more than one exchange. Another fundamental institutional difference lies in the trading method itself. Most derivatives exchanges use open-outcry, but some use electronic trading systems. These differences appear to be so fundamental that there is a natural inclination to believe that a successful market or successful regulation of a market can only be achieved if the proper choice is made in each of these areas. In other words, the differences in organization and trading method appear to be so profound that some believe that a market or its regulators can only be successful if the best organization and trading method is used. Let us look at each of these issues more carefully. Exchange Structure This issue is of particular interest with respect to equity derivatives. There is widespread concern that the existence of a derivatives markets for which equities are the underlying product can lead to increased volatility in the equities market and that this volatility can be function of whether the derivatives exchange is a part of the equities exchange. In this regard , it should be remembered that the fundamental reason for the existence of a derivatives market is price volatility in the underlying market. In a well-functioning derivatives market, price volatility will be the result of changes in the demand for, or supply of, the underlying product. If both markets are working properly, prices in the two markets will move together and the futures and cash prices will converge as the futures contract expires. Large changes in supply or demand conditions, therefore, should cause volatility in both markets regardless of whether the derivatives exchange is part of the exchange on which the underlying instrument is traded. A poorly designed derivatives contract can cause volatility to be higher than it would otherwise be regardless of structural considerations. The key, therefore, to preventing derivatives from increasing volatility lies primarily in ensuring proper contract design and in having adequate protections against manipulati on rather than in separating or combining the derivatives and cash markets. Clearing House Structure There are two issues here. One is whether the clearing house should be a part of the exchange or a separate entity. This distinction itself is not very important. The critical issue is that the clearing house have the authority and commitment to impose and enforce prudential margining and collection standards for all market participants. Experience has shown that both types of structure can function very well. Moreover, it has not revealed that one type is more likely to function better than another. The other structural issue concerns whether a separate clearing house for each exchange (regardless of whether the clearing house is part of the exchange) or a common clearing house for the derivatives and equity exchanges is more likely to be efficient and to promote financial integrity. There are advantages to both arrangements. A common clearing house reduces costs to its members, makes more information about financial risk readily available, and makes it easier for regulators to monitor the entire portfolio of a member. A possible advantage of separate clearing houses (or disadvantage of common clearing) is that the consequences of inadequate margining or other mistakes would have more widespread consequences. There may also be operational disadvantages to common clearing. Margining arrangements for equity and derivatives markets are different as are requirements for marking to market. There is no generally accepted view as to which arrangement is better at ensuring financial int egrity, but there would seem to be little reason for regulators to require common clearing, although they certainly might permit it. The more critical issue is whether the appropriate rules for establishing financial integrity are in place and the proper procedures for monitoring and enforcing compliance with these rules are regularly carried out. Trading Method Most existing derivatives exchanges use the open outcry method in which a trade is executed only when the parties to the trade personally agree to its terms. A few use electronic or screen-based systems in which trades are executed by a computer based upon orders entered by the parties. This difference in trading methods raises the question of whether one system is superior with respect to achieving market and financial integrity and to providing fair treatment of customers. From a regulatory perspective, however, the difference between the two types of trading systems may not be as great as some believe. All modern exchanges, whether screen-based or open outcry, rely on electronics to a large and growing extent. An open outcry system can use electronic technology for such purposes as transmitting orders, recording trades, constructing audit trails, and monitoring compliance. This means that todays open outcry exchanges are able to construct and maintain much more accurate records than was the case previously. As a result, both SROs and governmental regulators can be more effective in monitoring trading activity and in detecting and deterring rule violations. The question of the type of trading system to use is fundamentally a business or economic issue rather than a regulatory issue. Both open outcry and electronic systems can achieve acceptable levels of integrity and fairness. Neither type of system is foolproof. No matter what type of trading method is used, problems can and will occur on occasion. Some people will violate the rules. Unforeseen circumstances will arise. When this happens SROs and other regulators must be prepared to discipline those who violate the rules and to modify systems and rules if necessary. From a regulatory perspective, the most important issue is not the type of trading system. It is to ensure that the exchange has rules which are appropriate for the trading technology used and systems for monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules. In todays world these systems will necessarily rely heavily upon electronic technology even though the trading system itself may well rely upon open outcry.

An Unwilling Hamlet Essay -- William Shakespeare

     Ã‚   In the play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the main character, Hamlet is an unwilling creature. In having to enter and act in the world of his uncle, Hamlet becomes an unwilling creature of that world. When he chooses to obey the ghost's command and revenge his father, Hamlet accepts the inevitability that he must become part of this world. As the ripple of original vengeful intent widens and Hamlet is slowly but surely entangled in Claudius'   brutal world   through his madness, his murders, his plots, his relationship with other characters and his revelations on life and more importantly, death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Even before the ghost urges Hamlet to avenge his death, Hamlet teeters on the edge of his uncle's brutal world. While never evil in intent Hamlet is simply one of the finest tragic heroes. Caught between his agony of mind and indecision Hamlet's nature is neither treacherous like Claudius' nor rash like Laertes'. This combination of values carries only tragedy when one such as Hamlet suffers such a fate as he did. Prior to his dead father's prompting, Hamlet is already devoured by melancholy over the loss of Old Hamlet and his mother's "o'er hasty" marriage to Claudius. This suggests that Hamlet was already inexorably linked to his Uncle's brutal world.   "It is not, nor it cannot come to good."   (Act1, Scene2)   Hamlet also feels jealousy towards his mother as their relationship goes beyond that of a normal parent/child relationship. While perhaps not sexual, their mere fifteen years age difference has enclosed them in a very close-knit co-dependant affair.   "You are the Queen, your husband's brother's wife, And, would it not so, you are my mother." (Act3, Scene4)   This jealousy and hatred Hamlet feels is close... ...d.†   Works Cited delman, Janet. 1985. 'Male Bonding in Shakespeare's Comedies.' In Shakespeare's Rough Magic: Renaissance Essays in Honor of C.L. Barber, edited by Peter Erickson and Coppà ©lia Kahn. Cranbury and London: Associated University Presses, 73-103. Adelman, Janet. 1992. Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origin in Shakespeare's plays, 'Hamlet' to 'The Tempest'. London and New York: Routledge. Alexander, Nigel. 1971. Poison, Play and Duel: A Study in Hamlet. London: Routledge. Barber, C. L., and Wheeler, Richard P. 1986. The Whole Journey: Shakespeare's Power of Development. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Partridge, Eric. 1947. Shakespeare's Bawdy. London and New York: Routledge. Rubinstein, Frankie. 1984. A Dictionary of Shakespeare's Sexual Puns and their Significance. London: MacMillan.

Hospital management system Essay

1.User requirements †¢Users can log in and register patients. During registration the users should be able to enter basic patient information. †¢The system should allow the user to schedule an appointment for a new user in which the user should be able to assign the date, time, department and the doctor available at that time †¢Users can search for admitted patient. †¢User can see the department wise appointment and particular day’s outpatient and also see today’s waitlist, transfer or transfer a patient from one department to another department. †¢The user should be able to enter the basic information about the employee and his or her professional details. †¢The user will be able to add the urgency and reminder to patient or cancel an appointment of a particular patient or update patient details etc. †¢The user will be able to see doctor on call schedule department †¢The user will be able to create edit or update a duty plan of a doctor. The user should be able to delete and add a doctor to a particular department. †¢The user should be able to assign a particular bed to a particular patient, or discharge the patient. †¢The user should be able to view the waiting list and from there can transfer the patient. †¢The user should be able to search the patient who is gone through any operation and his or her detail information like operation date, surgeon, therapy etc. †¢The user should be able to view pending requests. 2.System requirements †¢The system should have a log in option and maintain a record of registered patients. †¢The system should categorize â€Å"In Patients† and â€Å"Out Patients† †¢The system should maintain a record of doctor’s schedules in order to allow so that, if a patient wants a particular doctor the system should enable them to search a particular doctor schedule and his or her available time. †¢The system should all allow modification of details. †¢The system should display a list of admitted patients. †¢The system should keep information related to patients which are out patient. †¢The system should allow registration of a new employee. †¢The  system should store today’s doctor on call schedule department. The system should also allow the user to create edit or update a duty plan of a doctor. †¢System should maintain the ward occupancy there room and bed. †¢The system should display details entered by the user of when the transfer a patient form one ward to another or one room to another room or one bed to another bed has taken place. †¢The system should output a waiting list. †¢The system should produce a nursing report, physician orders, diagnostic reports; lab reports etc. and the user should be able to view it. †¢The system should be able to create a duty plan for a particular nurse and also give a quick review of today’s nurses on standby duty. †¢The system should have a form for the user to fill to send a request to laboratory test. The system should maintain a radiological test request that a user can make. 3.Functional Requirements Functional requirements define the fundamental actions that system must perform. The functional requirements for the system are divided into various modules; Registration, Billing, Payroll Module, Outpatient Management, Inpatient Management and Pharmacy A. )Registration module This module of the system captures complete and relevant patient information such as patient registration details, doctors daily schedule list, doctors schedule summary and so on. And automates the patient administration functions to have better and efficient patient care process. †¢The system shall include a user authorization procedure where users must identify themselves using a login name and password. Only users who are authorized in this way may access the system data. †¢The system should be able to display enquires about the patient, the patient location, admission and appointment scheduling and discharge details. †¢The system shall record patient registration details and inpatient and outpatient registration details. †¢The system should allow users to modify patient or doctors details †¢The system should automatically give and store medical alerts details. †¢The system shall provide doctors schedule summary and doctors daily schedule list. †¢The system should maintain medical records that keep an abstract of clinical data about patients. B. )Billing module The Patient Billing module handles all types of billing for long-term care. This module facilitates cashier and billing operations for different categories of patients like Outpatient, Inpatient and Referral. Therefore in this module: †¢The system should provide automatic posting of charges related to different services like bed charges, lab tests conducted, medicines issued, consultant’s fee, food, beverage and telephone charges etc. †¢The system should be flexible to allow billing plans to be configured to automatically accept or deny. †¢The system should be tuned to enable this module to capture room and bed charges along with ancillary charges based on the sponsorship category. †¢The system should record the charges for various services rendered. †¢The system should display payment details. †¢The system should display reports and have a printing option. C )Payroll Module †¢The system should calculate total employee salary including reductions and allow the employer to, print salary slips and salary certificates †¢The system should produce PF statements, Gratuity Statements and also provide a monthly analysis. †¢Since the module deals with the maintenance of employee bio-data, the system should keep employee bio data including Attendance / Overtime details. It should also report on absenteeism or leave encasements of an employee. †¢The system should permit the department to conduct Employee Related Activities like appointing the staff, maintaining the employee database, Fixing allowances and deductions, Maintenance of Hospital documents, etc. D.) Outpatient Management module The outpatient module serves as an entry point to schedule an appointment with the hospital resident doctor or consultant doctor for medical consultations and diagnosis. In this module: †¢The system should provide instant access to comprehensive patient information to doctors. †¢The system should divide Patient visits into new, follow-up and review and record the appropriate details if any. †¢The  system should handle the modules requests and results of laboratory tests and other examinations. †¢The system should define external doctor’s visit to in patients as â€Å"call on†. †¢The system should store patient’s diagnosis details. †¢The system should provide a record of patient’s appointments. †¢The system should store outpatient medical observation details. †¢The system should provide a report on outpatient Treatment History. †¢The system should store the out patients clinical service details and common billing clinical services of the patient †¢The system should support online prescription, online request for Investigations and so on. †¢The system should calculate the cost for the services rendered to the patient and reflect it in the billing module appropriately resulting in smooth billing process. E) Inpatient Management module The inpatient module is designed to take care of all the activities and functions pertaining to Inpatient Management. Therefore: †¢The system should allow this module to automate the day-to-day administrative actives and provides instant access to other modules, which leads to a better patient care. †¢The system should provide comprehensive data pertaining to Admission of Patients & Ward Management: Availability of beds, Estimation, Agreement preparation, Collection of advance, planned admission, Emergency admission and so on. †¢The system should enable this module to support Ward Management involving the system recording details of a patient being shifted from one ward to the other. †¢The system should display and be able to keep a record of the number of available beds †¢The system should monitor the administration of drugs. †¢The system should display the details of when a doctor is to be or transferred. †¢The system should display requests regarding admission, drugs and also display pending requests. †¢The system should keep and display record of patients that are to be or have been discharged; the details should include the expected or the Date and Time of Discharge. †¢The system should allow the module (department) to track every visit made by a patient. F) Pharmacy module Pharmacy module deals with the automation of general workflow and administration management process of a pharmacy. †¢The system should allow purchasing of orders. †¢The system should store supplier’s information †¢The system should allow online request for stock from various sub-stores and online stock transfer. †¢The system should maintain the drug inventory. †¢The system should record and allow users to view the expiring date of items. †¢The system should produce a goods receipt. 4. Nonfunctional requirements. Non-functional requirements define the overall qualities or attributes of the resulting system. Performance Requirements Performance requirements define acceptable response times for system functionality. †¢The load time for user interface screens shall take no longer than two seconds. †¢The log in information shall be verified within five seconds. Security †¢The system shall ensure that data is protected from unauthorized access. †¢Through permitting the changing access permissions for the system data to only be done by the system’s data administrator †¢All system data must be backed up every 24 hours and the backup copies stored in a secure location which is not in the same building as the system Reliability †¢The system should perform its required functions under stated conditions if any. †¢The system should have a low rate of failure to deliver the services required by end users. Maintainability: †¢The system should be able to cope with the changing of technology. Size †¢The system should not occupy a large amount of memory disk space. Robustness. †¢After a failure the system should have a backup to assist in immediately functioning as required. 5.Usability requirements Some of the systems usability requirements should include: †¢Informative error messages for example when a record is missing and should be inputted or when incorrect data †¢The system should offer help facilities for users who require further assistance or understanding when using the system. †¢The system should have well-formed graphical user interfaces. †¢The time needed to be taken for users to learn the facilities of the system. †¢How satisfied are the users with the system can be measured by taking a survey. 6. Domain requirements Domain requirements are the requirement that comes from the application domain of the system that reflects the characteristics of that domain. Therefore, as this System is a hospital management System, the domain requirement of this system should concern about the requirements that reflect characteristic of hospital management system. Our hospital management System should contain the characteristics below: †¢The hospital management system must have basic functions: storing, tracking, updating and must be able to generate and display reports also records or details of patients, doctors, medical alerts, doctor’s schedules lists and so on. †¢ Every operation that occurs in the hospital management system must concern of Data Integrity. For example, we do not want the total charges calculated by the system of a patient and displayed not to be not accurate thus causing losses to the hospital making use of this system or a drug records is recorded without including its name or quantity. †¢Each operation that occurs in the hospital management system must be recorded, and the system should generate report from time to time. †¢Regarding security issue, the hospital management system must have an authentication features e to prevent unauthorized access. †¢Authorized person must be able to access the System 24/7 except the system is under maintenance. †¢The system should have a backup unit which will be required when an unexpected system failure event occurs. †¢The system should not only produce reports but also receipt when it comes to drugs to support manual tracking of finances if necessary. †¢The system should display requests regarding admission, drugs and also display pending requests and enable responding to them if required. †¢This system must monitor administration of drugs. REFRENCE SWE 626 Team 2 Hotel Management System Software Requirements Specification Document Retrieved from www.oocities.org/swe626/HotelManagementSystemCorrectFinalSRS.doc. Software Requirements Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_requirements.

Case Problem Production Strategy Essay

1. The recommended number of BodyPlus100 and BodyPlus200 machines to produce? Sol: I recommend you sir to produce fifty one (51) numbers of BodyPlus100 and seventeen (17) numbers of BodyPlus200 machines so as to make the maximum profit in manufacturing of these BodyPlus100 and BodyPlus200 machines. The effect on profits of the requirement that the number of units of the BodyPlus 200 produced must be at least 25% of the total production? Sol: The net profit that is obtained in manufacturing BodyPlus200 at least 25% of the total machines will be marginally less when compared to the profit that is obtained in manufacturing more BodyPlus100 machines i.e. more than 75% of total machines production.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As calculated, the total expenditure that is made in manufacturing BodyPlus100 (includes the raw costs and labor costs) is $1309 per machine The total number of working hours in manufacturing BodyPlus100 (includes machining, welding, painting, finishing work and for assembling, testing and packaging) is 15hrs. Now, the net profit that is made in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 machine after selling it to an authorized dealer for (70% of the retail price i.e. $2400) is ($1680 – $1309) $371. Now the profit made per hour on manufacturing one BodyPlus100 machine is $24.73 Admittedly, referring to the calculations from attachment 1 from ‘Production strategy’ the net profit made per hour on manufacturing one BodyPlus200 machine is $20.83   Where efforts should be expended in order to increase contribution to profits? Sol: I sincerely advise you, sir, to reduce the total percentage of manufacturing the BodyPlus200 in the total production as the profit obtained for each BodyPlus100 is more than the BodyPlus200.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also assigning lesser time for machining and welding is also resulting in the total number BodyPlus100 machines produced   so as to obtain more profits and time has to be managed well so that assigning ten (10) more hours for machining and welding will result in more number of products that can be manufactured.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Instead of assigning 450 hours for finishing and painting, we can assign 440 hours for finishing and painting that can produce one more BodyPlus100 (taken that the total percentage of BodyPlus200 is just slightly less than the percentage recommended as 25% of the total production).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case Problem2 Solution Plus: If Solutions Plus wins the bid, which production facility (Cincinnati or Oakland) should supply the cleaning fluid to the locations where the railroad locomotives are cleaned? How much should be shipped from each facility to each location? Sol:    No. of gallons required No of gallons supplied from Cincinnati (in gallons) Oakland (in gallons) Santa Ana 22,418 —– 22,418 El Paso 6,800 —– 6,800 Pendleton 80,290 30,290 50,000 Houston 100,477 50,447 50,000 Kansas city 241,570 191,570 50,000 Los Angeles 64,761 14,761 50,000 Glendale 33,689 —— 33,689 Jacksonville 68,486 18,486 50,000 Little Rock 148,586 98,586 50,000 Bridgeport 111,475 51,475 50,000 Sacramento 112,000 62,000 50,000 Total 990,522 517,615 462,907 Here we can see that the total numbers of gallons that are delivered from Cincinnati are more than 500,000 gallons. So we are short of 17,615 gallons of the locomotives cleaning agent that has to be delivered from Cincinnati. To satisfy the requirement of the majority of the dealers in the remaining locations, and considering the profits, all the 17,615 gallons of the cleaning agent is reduced from the Pendleton deal. What is the break-even point for Solutions Plus? That is, how low can the company go on its bid without losing money? Sol: The Break-Point is given by the point at which the company owns neither profit nor loss during the sale of the company products. Hence this is given as the zero profit and zero loss zone for the Solution Plus company. This Break Point can be calculated when there is no profit in the bid. If the price of oil is hiked and freight charges are also increased by the same amount, then the Break Point is calculated at $1,821,214.39 If Solutions Plus wants to use its standard 15% markup, how much should it bid? Sol: If Solution Plus wants to use its standard 15% markup, then it should place a bid for $1,821,214.39 Freight costs are significantly affected by the price of oil. The contract on which Solutions Plus is bidding is for two years. Discuss how fluctuation in freight costs might affect the bid Solutions Plus submits. Sol: Here, the net profit made for one year is $237,749.72 and if the bid is made for one year the total amount has to be $1,821,214.39 but given that the bid has to be made for two years, then the bid price would be $3,642,428.78 And the profit expected in two years (taken the oil prices are fixed) is $475,499.44 If the oil price is hiked by 15% then also profit is expected for the Solution Plus Company as there are few locations which are supplied with the cleaning agents without any shipping charges. So only a marginal amount of profit can be made in two years even after placing the bid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the price of oil is slashed by any margin, then there will be more profits for the Company after one year.